Several terms commonly heard during the school budget process are defined below to help you follow the school budget process in New York State.

Administrative Budget Component

One of three categories that must be reported by school districts. These expenditures include: office and administrative costs; salaries and benefits for certified school administrators who spend 50 percent or more of their time performing supervisory duties; data processing; supplies; legal fees; property insurance; and school board expenses.

Appropriated Fund Balance

Any portion of a district’s fund balance from the previous fiscal year that is applied as revenue to the district’s following year’s budget. This reduces the amount of money that must be generated by taxes.

Assessed Value

The value of your property as determined by the local property assessor. This value can change based on your municipality’s equalization rate, the market, or during a municipality-wide reassessment. It is used to determine the amount of taxes owed and the amount of STAR exemption a homeowner is eligible to receive.

Base Proportions

Base proportions determine how the tax burden is distributed between residential and commercial properties in a town. Changes in the base proportion do not change the overall district tax levy, but instead change how much of the tax levy is paid by homeowners and how much is paid by owners of commercial properties. Base proportions are determined by the NYS Office of Real Property Services (ORPS).

BOCES

Board of Cooperative Educational Services; provides school districts who utilize their services to participate in shared educational services.

Bond

A written promise to pay a specified sum of money, called the face value or principal amount, at a specified date in the future (the maturity date), together with periodic interest at a specified rate.

Budget

A plan of financial operation outlining the estimates of proposed expenditures for a fiscal year and the proposed means of financing them.

Budget Calendar

The schedule of key dates that the district, Board of Education, and administrators follow in preparation, adoption, and administration of the budget.

Budget Cap

In the event of a school budget defeat and the adoption of a contingent budget, school districts must cap their spending increase at 120 percent of the Consumer Price index or 4 percent, whichever is lower. For more on this, see the definition of a contingent budget.

Budget Year

The fiscal year immediately following the current year.

Capital Budget Component

One of three categories that school districts must show in their proposed budgets, this covers: all transportation capital, debt service, and lease expenditures; legal judgments and settled claims; custodial costs and all facility costs, including service contracts, supplies, utilities, maintenance, repairs, construction, renovation, debt and leasing costs.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

An index of prices used to measure the change in the cost of basic goods and services in comparison with a fixed base period. Also called “cost-of-living” index. The CPI does not take into account many of the items that cause school district budgets to rise, such as the increasing cost of health insurance, liability insurance and retirement contributions.

Contingent Budget/Contingency

Under state law, school boards can submit a budget to voters a maximum of two times. If the proposed budget is defeated twice, the board must adopt a contingent budget (or go to contingency) with a ZERO percent tax levy increase. Under a contingent budget, there are no capital, court order/judgments or pension exemptions and there is no growth factor. Under a contingent budget, the percentage of the budget devoted to administrative costs cannot increase from what it was in the prior year’s budget or the last defeated budget, whichever is lower, and non-contingent expenses must still be removed from the budget.

Employee Benefits

Amounts paid by the district on behalf of employees. These amounts are not included in the gross salary. They are fringe benefits, and while not paid directly to employees, are part of the cost of employees. Employee benefits include the district cost for health insurance premiums, dental insurance, life and disability insurance, Medicare, retirement, social security and tuition reimbursement.

Equalization Rate

In simple terms, an equalization rate represents the average level of assessment in each community. For example, an equalization rate of 80 means that on average, the property in a community is being assessed at 80 percent of its market value. The words ‘on average’ are stressed to emphasize that that an equalization rate of 80 does not mean that each and every property is assessed at 80% of full value. Some may be assessed at lower than 80 percent, while others may be assessed at higher than 80%.

Equalization rates are established by the New York State Board of Equalization and Assessment. School districts that comprise more than one city, town or village must use the equalization rate to determine the tax rates for each municipality. The purpose is to bring some semblance of equity to how the taxes are distributed in any one school district, so that ideally a home with a full market value of $100,000 in one community will pay the same taxes as a home with a market value of $100,000 in the next community, regardless of how those two homes are assessed. Equalization rates for the district’s towns are sent to the school district by late August.

Employee Retirement System (ERS)

Retirement benefits for all non-teaching staff (who are eligible).

Expenditure

Payment of cash or transfer of property or services for the purpose of acquiring an asset or service.

Fiscal Year

The accounting period on which a budget is based. The New York State fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31. The fiscal year for all New York counties and towns and for most cities is the calendar year. School districts in the State operate on July 1 through June 30 fiscal years.

Fund Balance

A fund balance is created when the school district has money left over at the end of its fiscal year from either under spending the budget or taking in additional revenue. Part of the fund balance (appropriated fund balance) may be applied as revenues to the district’s following year budget. A portion may also be set aside (unappropriated fund balance) to pay for emergencies or other unforeseen occurrences.

Maximum Allowable Tax Levy Limit

The Tax Levy Limit plus allowable exemptions results in the maximum allowable tax levy, which is the highest tax levy a district can propose and still only need a simple majority to pass.

PILOT

“Payment in lieu of taxes”

Program Budget Component

One of the categories that must be presented in the district’s proposed budget, this portion includes: salaries and benefits of teachers and supervisors who spend the majority of their time teaching; instructional costs such as supplies, equipment, and textbooks; and transportation operating costs.

Proposed Budget

Spending plan developed by school administrators prior to Board adoption. School districts are required by New York State to show their proposed budgets in three categories: administrative, program, and capital.

Reassessment

A systematic analysis of all locally assessed properties (both commercial and residential) to achieve a stated uniform percentage of value. The goal of a reassessment is to assure that each assessment reflects current market prices and that each property owner pays only their fair share of the tax burden. With a reassessment comes a shift in the tax burden to those whose property values have risen faster than average. This process does not result in a windfall of new revenue for the town, county, or school district nor does the reassessment change the total amount of taxes that the school district must collect; it merely redistributes who pays them. In theory, rising assessments will result in a decrease in the tax rate (everything else being equal), as there is now a larger tax base from which the school may generate the same amount of tax dollars. If a property owner’s assessment doubles, their tax bill will not double – in fact, it may remain about the same, increase slightly, or even decrease depending on the final tax rate.

Restricted Reserves

Money appropriated for long-term needs, but which have certain limits or stipulations such as uses for tax certiorari, retirement, repairs, insurance and unemployment.

Roll-over Budget

The total amount of money required to pay for current-year programs, staffing and services at next year’s prices — i.e., what the next year’s budget would be if the current year’s budget were simply “rolled over.”

Revenue

Sources of income financing the operation of the school district.

Salaries

The total amount paid, before deductions, for services rendered while on the payroll of the district.

State Aid

Additional money that the state gives to districts, to be used in different areas, such as lowering the tax levy, etc. Until the state passes its budget, the district does not know exactly how much to expect in state aid, but school districts are still required to present their budgets to voters on the third Tuesday in May. To meet that mandate, the district had to estimate its state aid revenues.

State Department of Education

The New York administration department that oversees public elementary and secondary education.

Supplies

Consumable materials used in the operation of the school district including food, textbooks, paper, pencils, office supplies, custodial supplies, material used in maintenance activities and computer software.

Support Services

The personnel, activities, and programs that enhance instruction and provide for the general operation of the school district. This includes attendance, guidance, and health programs; library personnel and services; special education services provided by speech and language pathologists, physical therapists and occupation therapists; professional development programs, transportation, administration, buildings and ground operations, and security.

Tax Levy

Total sum to be raised by the school district after subtracting out all other revenues including state aid. The tax levy is used to determine the tax rate for property owners in each of the cities, towns or villages that makes up a school district.

Tax Levy Limit

The threshold dictated by an 8-step state formula that determines the highest tax levy BEFORE exemptions that a school district can propose and still need a simple majority to pass.

Tax Rate

The amount of tax paid for each $1,000 of assessed value of property. In districts that cover just one municipality, the tax rate is figured simply by dividing the total assessed property value by 1,000 and then dividing that again into the tax levy (the amount of money to be raised locally).

In districts that encompass more than one municipality, the formula for figuring the tax rate is more complicated. It involves assigning a share of the total tax levy to each municipality and applying equalization rates to take into account different assessment practices.

The Tax Rate (by Town or Taxing Authority) is comprised of:

• the tax levy set by the District;
• the assessed value of the individual property, set by the Town or Village assessor (not the district) and;
• the equalization rate for the Town, which is set by NYS Office of Real Property Services (ORPS).

Tax Base Growth Factor

The year-to-year increase in the full value of taxable real property in a school district due to physical or quantity change (e.g., new construction, additions and improvements). Value changes due to market fluctuations are not included. This figure is part of the eight-step “tax levy limit” calculation, and will be provided to each district by the state’s Department of Taxation and Finance.

One factor in the eight-step tax levy limit calculation is the allowable levy growth factor, which  accounts for inflationary change. It is limited to the lesser of 2 percent or the change in the consumer price index.

Tax Certiorari

The legal process by which a property owner can challenge the real estate tax assessment on a given property in attempt to reduce the property’s assessment and real estate taxes.

TRS

Teachers’ Retirement System (pension).

Unappropriated Fund Balance

A school district is permitted to keep up to four percent of its fund balance in an unappropriated fund. This money may be used to pay for emergency repairs and other unforeseen occurrences.